Human-wildlife conflict in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe: more than just a conservation concern

Abstract

The growing global human population has intensified competition for space and natural resources, leading to frequent human-wildlife conflicts. Habitat loss has not only caused a decline in biodiversity but pushed numerous species toward extinction. This qualitative study was conducted in Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe to examine human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in Southern Africa, addressing the key questions concerned with the nature of HWC in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, the efforts SADC states have made to reduce HWC, and policies guiding HWC reduction in the region. The study employed case studies and document analysis exploring specific conflict scenarios, wildlife behavior patterns, and human responses, providing insights into conflict dynamics shaped by socioeconomic factors like land use and cultural attitudes. Through thematic analysis patterns and issues were identified. Document and policy reviews assessed the effectiveness of current strategies, highlighting similarities and differences in policy implementation across SADC. Gaps in wildlife conflict and disaster risk management policies in the SADC region are identified, as well as key challenges among others include limited incorporation of traditional knowledge, limited community involvement, and failure to balance conservation with local community needs. A coordinated regional effort is needed to effectively address this issue.